C Programming for Embedded Systems

The C programming language is perhaps the most popular programming language for programming embedded systems.

Introduction

• ANSI Standard
• Fundamentals of C
• Datatypes and Constants
• Simple & Formatted I/O
• Memory Usage
• Operators & Expressions
• Flow Control
• Loops

Functions

• Role of Functions
• Pass by value / reference
• Returning values from Functions
• Recursive Functions
• Call Back Functions
• Implications on Stack
• Library Vs User defined function
• Passing variable number of arguments

Arrays

• Defining, initializing and using arrays
• Multi Dimensional Arrays
• Arrays of Characters and Strings
• Arrays and Pointers
• Passing arrays to functions
• String handling with and without library functions

Storage Classes

• Scope and Life
• Automatic, Static, External, Register
• Memory(CPU / RAM)

Structures & Unions

• What structures are for
• Declaration, initialization
• Accessing like objects
• Nested Structures
• Array of Structures
• Passing structures through functions
• Allocation of memory and holes
• Structure Comparison
• Structure bit operation
• Typedef for portability
• Unions
• Overlapping members

Enumerated data types

• Enum, Indexing, enum Vs #define

Bit Operations

• AND ( & ), OR ( | ), XOR ( ^ )
• Compliment ( ~ )
• Left-Shift ( << ), Right Shift ( >> )
• Masking, Setting, Clearing and Testing of Bit / Bits

Pointers

• The purpose of pointers
• Defining pointers
• The & and * operators
• Pointer Assignment
• Pointer Arithmetic
• Multiple indirections
• Advanced pointer types
• Generic and Null Pointer
• Function Pointers
• Pointers to Arrays and Strings
• Array of Pointers
• Pointers to Structure and Union
• Pointers to Dynamic memory
• Far, Near and Huge Pointers
• Pointer Type Casting

Dynamic Memory Allocation

• Malloc(), Calloc(), Realloc(), Free()
• Farmalloc(), Farcalloc()

File Handling Concepts

• Concept of a FILE data type
• Inode, FILE structure
• File pointer
• Character handling routines
• Formatted Data Routines
• Raw data Routines
• Random Access to FILE

Command line Arguments

• Argc, argv
• Variable Inputs to the main

Compiler in Practical

• Preprocessor Directives
• Compiler, Assembler, Linker
• Conditional Compilation
• Multiple File Compilation
• Code Optimization techniques
• Volatile, #pragma

Data Structures

• Linear & non-linear
• Homogeneous & non-homogeneous
• Static & Dynamic
• Single, Double & Circular Linked Lists
• Stacks & Queues
• Binary Trees

Sorting and Searching Techniques

• Insertion, Selection, Bubble, Merge, Quick, Heap

Concepts and Real-time Exposure

• Development Tools and Environment
• Make Utility
• Industry Coding Standards
• Object / Executable File Format
• Debugger